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Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) is a non-coding RNA that composes ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.Transfer RNA ( tRNA) is a complex molecule that contains an amino acid, which is brought into the ribosomes in response to each particular coded section of mRNA.It transports this copy from the nucleus to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins.
#Phosphate backbone code
#Phosphate backbone series
This comprises a series of complex steps with different types of RNA delivering different processes. RNA is like the decoder as it makes a copy of this drive and relays the instructions to the rest of the cell. This blueprint is essential to the continuity of life. It has to pass on this information to all new cells being made so that the processes are carried on in the exact same manner. FunctionĭNA is like a flash drive or computer chip with all the information needed to carry out cellular processes and produce proteins. Let us now explore in more detail how does RNA differ from DNA. This is useful for a molecule that has to be produced, degraded, and recycled constantlyĭVA vs RNA What is the difference between DNA vs RNA? Therefore, it is especially not stable under alkaline conditions and is susceptible to enzyme attack. This stability is useful for a molecule in charge of keeping genetic material intactĭue to its extra oxygen (in the hydroxyl group), RNA is more reactive than DNA. RNA forms in the nucleolus and is found in the cell’s cytoplasmĭNA is highly stable, thanks to its strong C-H bonds and the fact that it contains one less hydroxyl group. RNA molecules vary in length, but they are much shorter than DNAĭNA is located in the nucleus, with some DNA found in the mitochondria A single strand of DNA would be around 2 m long In comparison, DNA is much longer than RNA. Ribose sugar is a monosaccharide containing four hydroxyl groups RNA is a single stranded molecule but intermittently forms a double helix structureĮach nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)Įach nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)ĭeoxyribose sugar is a monosaccharide containing three hydroxyl groups (-OH –) Store and replicate genetic information-the blueprint for all genetic traitsĪ copy of DNA with instructions on cellular functions and protein synthesis CC- Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Thus 31P NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics energy minimization calculations appear to be able to support sequence-specific structural variations along the backbone of the DNA in solution.Physical differences between DNA and RNA. Furthermore, 31P chemical shifts and JH3'-P coupling constants both indicate that these backbone torsional angle variations are more permissive at the ends of the double helix than in the middle. The major structural variation responsible for these 31P shift perturbations appears to be P-O and C-O backbone torsional angles which respond to changes in the local helical structure. Correlations between experimentally measured P-O and C-O torsional angles and results from molecular mechanics energy minimization calculations show that these results are consistent with the hypothesis that sequence-specific variations in 31P chemical shifts are attributable to sequence-specific changes in the deoxyribose phosphate backbone. The 31P chemical shifts of duplex B-DNA phosphates correlate reasonably well with some aspects of the Dickerson/Calladine sum function for variation in the helical twist of the oligonucleotides. Assignment of 31P signals in tetradecamer duplexes, (dTGTGAGCGCTCACA)2, (dTAT-GAGCGCTCATA)2, (dTCTGAGCGCTCAGA)2, and (dTGTGTGCGCACACA)2, and the dodecamer duplex d(CGTGAATTCGCG)2 containing one base-pair mismatch, combined with additional assignments in the literature, has allowed an analysis of the origin of the sequence-specific variation in 31P chemical shifts of DNA. It is now possible to unambiguously assign all 31P resonances in the 31P NMR spectra of oligonucleotides by either two-dimensional NMR techniques or site-specific 17O labeling of the phosphoryl groups.